Peppermint is one of the medicinal and aromatic herbs that has many medicinal, nutritional, cosmetic and hygienic uses. One of its prominent properties is its antimicrobial properties. In order to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer and different levels of irrigation on the growth stages of peppermint, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in a greenhouse research environment in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in spring 1977 in a two-factorial completely randomized design with 3 replications. Peppermint pepper was done. Experimental treatments included irrigation treatments at 4 levels (50, 75, 100 and 120% of plant water requirement) and 4 levels of organic fertilizer (cow manure at 2 levels (5 and 10 t ha-1) and poultry manure at 2 levels (20 and 70 G / l) that were used at different stages of pepper plant growth. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and fertilizer levels on morphological characteristics of peppermint such as plant height and stem diameter were not significant on leaf fresh weight, root fresh weight and root dry weight (at 0. 01 level). It was very meaningful. It can be concluded that the highest amount of irrigation and cow and poultry manure increased leaf fresh weight and organic fertilizer had no effect on fresh and dry root weight. Interaction of irrigation and fertilizer levels on physiological characteristics of peppermint such as stomatal conductance, leaf relative water content and electrolyte leakage were not significant and were highly significant at chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll at 0. 01 level. The lowest irrigation and the highest amount of poultry manure increased chlorophyll a and the lowest irrigation and the lowest amount of organic fertilizer increased chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll and was significant at 0. 05 level of leaf chlorophyll index (chlorophyll spd index). The lowest amount of irrigation and the highest amount of organic fertilizer increased leaf chlorophyll index. It can be concluded that peppermint was more sensitive to different levels of irrigation and fertilizer levels did not have a positive effect on peppermint yield and among organic fertilizers the effect of poultry manure was more than cow manure.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate hearing outcome of stapes surgery, considering the postoperative air and bone conduction (AC&BC) changes, in a frequency specific approach. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. A total of 245 ears (231 patients), who underwent Stapedotomy at our tertiary referral center in a period of 5 years were enrolled in the study. Pure tone audiometry (PTA) was evaluated preoperatively and one month postoperatively. AC, BC, and Air-bone gap (ABG) were documented. Moreover, one-year post-op PTA was also recorded for more than a quarter of the cases. Results: Overall, significant improvements were observed in AC thresholds with a mean AC gain of 20. 44±, 13. 64 dB. At higher frequencies the results were poorer (AC gain of 27 dB at 250 Hz vs 7 dB at 8000 Hz). ABG significantly improved at all frequencies after one month. BC thresholds were typically better after surgery. However, there appears to be a worsening trend in BC thresholds at frequencies higher than 2000 Hz. In 68 patients with 1-year follow-up, BC thresholds were slightly worse (but not statistically significant) at most frequencies, in comparison to the one-month results. Conclusions: Stapes surgery significantly improves air and bone conduction hearing, particularly at lower frequencies. Nonetheless, there exists a potential for sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at high frequencies. However, the changes are insignificant and not within the speech frequencies. Therefore, patients are typically satisfied with the hearing outcome of the surgery.

Inroduction1 Considering the development of cultivation and production of legumes and the importance of genetic studies in plant breeding, identifying the genetic potential of these plants is very important. Knowledge of genetic diversity and relationships between genotypes is important for understanding available genetic variability and the potential to use it in breeding programs. According to previous studies on lentils, it was found that improving the yield potential per unit area can be one of the important criteria for increasing the production of this plant. Increasing the yield per unit area is possible mainly by modifying and creating high-yielding cultivars, improving the characteristics and increasing the quantitative and qualitative potentials. Breeders and plant physiologists believe that in order to be more productive in improving compatible cultivars in areas with limited water resources, recognizing the agronomic traits affecting grain yield under stress conditions will be of great importance,Therefore, indirect selection based on physiological traits has been proposed as a complement to the selection of cultivars with high yield potential. Considering the different reactions of photosynthetic indices under stress conditions, it is important to know the genotypic diversity of photosynthetic indices under culture conditions and their relationship with grain yield. Despite numerous studies on the role of physiological traits in drought tolerance in crops, recent studies on lentils, especially in Iran, are limited. This study was designed and carried out with the aim of determining genotypes with desirable physiological and yield traits and the relationship between these traits and photosynthesis under rainfed conditions. Materials & Methods In order to study the photosynthetic and yield parameters of lentil plant in rainfed conditions, selected advanced lentil lines with control cultivars were studied in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in Khodabandeh dryland research station in Zanjan Province in two cropping seasons 2018 to 2020. Physiological traits included photosynthesis per unit leaf area, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photosynthetic activated radiation, sub stumatal CO2, leaf temperature, photosynthetic water use efficiency, mesophilic conductivity and water use efficiency. Plant height, 100-seed weight, number of pods and yield (kg/ha) were also measured for each genotype in each plot. Analysis of variance and comparison of means were performed using Duncan's test at 5% probability level. Finally, correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis were performed with the variables of photosynthesis rate and total yield. Results & Discussion The results showed that there was a significant difference in photosynthetic active radiation, leaf temperature, photosynthetic water use efficiency, mesophilic conductivity, water use efficiency, 100-grain weight and yield between two years of experiment. The studied genotypes showed significant differences in leaf temperature, photosynthesis, plant height, 100-seed weight and yield, which indicated the high genetic diversity of these genotypes in terms of these traits. The interaction effect of genotype per year was not significant in all studied traits, which shows that the trend of changes in these traits between genotypes during the two years was the same. Among the studied genotypes, G5 genotype is a genotype with superior agronomic characteristics that can be recommended as a cultivar with high yield potential. Photosynthesis rate showed a significant negative correlation with leaf temperature and significant positive correlation with transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, mesophilic conductivity, water use efficiency and 100-grain weight. 100-seed weight showed a significant negative correlation with leaf temperature and a significant positive correlation with stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, mesophilic conductivity and water use efficiency. These results show that drought and lack of water in the soil have the greatest effect on reducing photosynthesis and plant yield at different phenological stages (seedling, flowering and podding) of the plant. Finally, regression analysis showed that stomatal conductance and sub stumatal CO2 explained the changes in photosynthesis. Conclusion The results showed that for lentils, two traits of stomatal conductance and sub stumatal CO2 concentration may explain the changes in photosynthesis. Genetic diversity is very important for crop breeding and higher diversity of genotypes provides a better chance of producing a variety of desirable cultivars. The observed genetic diversity in traits can help select superior genotypes based on phenotypic expression and can be used in breeding programs to improve economically important traits. Finally, among the studied genotypes, G5 genotype was found to be a genotype with superior agronomic characteristics that could be recommended to the farmers to improve lentil yield.

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and micronutrients on photosynthetic activities and grain yield of rapeseed under low water tension conditions, an experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a statistical randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Agricultural University of Lorestan in the cropping year of 2016-2017. Irrigation at two levels of 20 and 70 percent of field capacity depletion in the main plots and the composition of micronutrients (B1 non-consumption and B2 foliar application at a ratio of 2 per thousand) and salicylic acid factor (concentrations of zero, 0. 5, 1 and 1. 5 milimolar) were studied in subplots. The results showed that the triple interaction on leaf area index, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and grain yield were significant. The highest grain yield of 4424 kilogram per hectare was obtained under non-tension and foliar application of micronutrient fertilizer with a concentration of 1. 5 milimolar salicylic acid. Water deficit tension affected plant leaf area index and plant gas exchange and by reducing physiological traits such as photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, mesophilic conductance, transpiration rate and increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide under the stomatal chamber finally reduced grain yield in canola,however, foliar application of salicylic acid and micronutrients, while significantly reducing the concentration of carbon dioxide under the stomatal chamber, significantly increased leaf area index, mesophilic conductance, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and photosynthesis rate. Transpiration rate and photosynthesis rate to some extent reduced the negative effects of drought tension on physiological traits of rapeseed and increased grain yield by 37. 79 percent. Therefore, Ferti triple mix micronutrient (iron + zinc + manganese) with a concentration of 2 per thousand along with a concentration of one and a half millimoles of salicylic acid is recommended to reduce the adverse effects of water deficit tension and achieve proper performance.

Background and Objectives: The quality and quantity of oil and table olive fruits derived from olive fruit are influenced by many factors. These factors affect the final product by affecting photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, mesophilic conduction, photosynthesis active radiation, total phenol, proline, and leaf elements. One of the most important factors affecting these traits is the existence of differences between the cultivars in terms of these variables. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the photosynthetic properties, gas exchange, elements and leaf compositions of Mastoidis, Manzanilla, Jolat and Mari olive planned and implemented. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted in year 2016 in a completely randomized design with four levels (Mastoidis, Manzanilla, Jolat and Mari) and three replications at Tarom olive station in Zanjan province. The measured traits were: photosynthesis, leaf temperature, transpiration, water use efficiency, photosynthetic active radiation, difference in atmospheric CO2 concentration with the stomatal chamber, carbon dioxide under the stomata, difference in atmospheric H2O conductance with the stomatal chamber, stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance, chlorophyll index, total phenol, proline, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium leaves of olive trees. Results: It was found that Mari cultivar had significantly higher photosynthesis than other cultivars. Also, this cultivar showed the highest amount of transpiration, and at the opposite point, the Mastoidis cultivar had the lowest transpiration rate. Mastoids and Jolat cultivars significantly improved the water use efficiency of the two other cultivars. Mari cultivar had the highest stomatal conductance, and Jolat cultivar showed the most mesophilic conductance. Mari cultivars had the highest total phenol content in their leaves, and the Mastoidis cultivar showed the lowest total phenol content in leaves. The Mastoidis, Manzanilla and Mari cultivars had the highest proline content. Mastoidis, Manzanilla and Jolat had more phosphorus content in their leaves. Jolat had the highest amount of potassium in its leaves. Conclusion: These results showed that Mari cultivar had a high amount of photosynthesis (10. 14 μ mol CO2 m-2 s-1), transpiration (2. 53 mmol H2O m-2 s-1), stomatal conductance (0. 15 mol CO2 m-2 s-1), total phenol (18. 33 mg/g FW) and proline (1/02 μ mol/g FW), and it was suitable for these traits. Also, Jolat cultivar with high water use efficiency (137. 56 mol CO2 mol H2O-1), mesophilic conductivity (0. 05 mol CO2 m-2 s-1) and macro elements (Phosphorus 0. 09% and Potassium 1. 16%) was also suitable for planting, especially in areas suffering from water scarcity.

Light as an important environmental factor, influences many aspects of plant growth and development. Leaves are different in some characters including stomatal behavior under shade or light conditions. In this study, the effects of different levels of light intensity on stomatal behavior of two rose cultivars, ‘Gulmira’ and ‘Red One’, were evaluated under controlled conditions. To obtain different light intensities, green polyethylene nets were used. Treatments were light intensities of 1200 (Control), 640, 520 and 240 mmol/m2­­/s. Based on the results, the highest stomatal length and width were found in 640 mmol/m2­­/s in both cultivars. Regarding stomatal density, there were no significant differences among different levels of light intensities, although cultivar effect was significant. Therefore, stomatal density was higher in ‘Gulmira’ than ‘Red One’. Also, stomatal conductance was significant only between cultivars, and there was no significant difference among light treatments. However there was an increasing trend of stomatal conductance with increasing light intensities.

This paper presents an analytical solution for two-dimensional conductive heat transfer in spherical composite pressure vessels. The vessels are in a spherical shape and fibers are winded in circumferential direction. The vessel is made of one-layer reinforced composite material. The analytical solution is obtained under the general boundary conditions which consist of convection, conduction and radiation inside/outside of vessel. The heat transfer equation for orthotropic conduction in spherical coordinates is derived and solved using separation of variables method based on the Legendre and Euler functions. Here, the effect of fiber's angle on heat conduction in orthotropic spherical pressure vessels is investigated in detail. These results can be used extensively for analyzing the thermal stress in this kind of vessels.